The Saga of the Volsungs With the Saga of Ragnar Lothbrok Jackson Crawford Review Peer

13th century Icelandic saga

Drawing of the Ramsund etching from c. 1030, illustrating the Völsunga saga on a rock in Sweden. At (1), Sigurd sits in front of the fire preparing the dragon's eye

The Völsunga saga (often referred to in English language equally the Volsunga Saga or Saga of the Völsungs ) is a legendary saga, a late 13th-century poetic rendition in Onetime Norse of the origin and reject of the Völsung clan (including the story of Sigurd and Brynhild and destruction of the Burgundians). Information technology is one of the most famous legendary sagas, and an example of a "heroic saga" that deals with Germanic heroic legend.

The saga covers themes including the quarrel between Sigi and Skadi, a huge family tree that involves great kings and powerful conquerors, the quest led by Sigmund and Sinfjötli to save princess Signy from the evil king Seggier, and almost famously, Sigurd killing the serpent/dragon Fafnir; and the influence of the cursed ring Andvaranaut.

Context and overview [edit]

The saga is largely based on ballsy poetry of the celebrated Elderberry Edda. The earliest known pictorial representation of this tradition is the Ramsund etching, Sweden, which was created c. grand Ad.

The origins of the material are considerably older, however, and information technology in part echoes real events in Central Europe during the Migration Period, importantly the destruction of the Kingdom of the Burgundians by the Huns in the 5th century. Some of the poems contained in the Elder Edda relate episodes from the Völsung legend. On the other hand, the only surviving medieval manuscript of the saga, Ny kgl. Saml. 1824 b 4to, which is held by the Regal Library of Kingdom of denmark, dates to nigh 1400. In this manuscript, the saga leads directly in to Ragnars saga loðbrókar.

Characters [edit]

Characters in the Volsunga Saga
Sigi Rerir Volsung Hljod Eylimi Siggeir Signy Sigmund Hjordis Alf Borghild Budli Gjuki Grimhild Sinfjotli Helgi Atli Brynhild Gunnar Hogni Guttorm Gudrun Sigurd Brynhild Glaumvor Kostbera Atli Jonakr Hamdir Sorli Erp Svanhild Sigmund Aslaug

Contents [edit]

The saga can be divided into five phases: the preliminary generations; Sigurd and his foster family; Sigurd and the Gjukingar; Gudrun and the Budlingar; and Gudrun's last marriage.

Volsung'south ancestors [edit]

The Story begins with Sigi and Skadi. Sigi was more important since he was richer and more powerful and was said to be a son of Odin. Skadi owned a Thrall chosen Bredi, and Sigi took him on a hunting trip all day and evening. When they compared their skills, Bredi's was more impressive than Sigi's. Enraged, Sigi murdered Bredi and hid his torso in a snowdrift. When Sigi got abode, he lied to Skadi by telling him that Bredi was gone because he had ridden away into the forest. Skadi did not believe Sigi, so he went off with his men to find Bredi. After, he establish his body in the snowdrift. Skadi alleged that this migrate is at present called Bredi'south drift. Presently, every other large migrate was called Bredi's migrate. Skadi so outcast Sigi and he was now known as 'a wolf in hallowed places'.

After much adventuring, Odin led Sigi to a land where some longships lay. He and his troops (that his unnamed father had given him) took up raiding. He became a successful raider and warlord, and then seized a kingdom called Hunland to dominion. His wife's brothers eventually get envious of Sigi's power and wealth and raised an army against him. In the post-obit battle, Sigi is killed and his enemies took over the kingdom. Sigi's son Rerir so avenges his begetter's expiry, killing his uncles and taking his male parent's throne. Nonetheless, he and his unnamed married woman have no heir, so prayed to Odin to see if he had a child he and Frigg could give to him. Odin and Frigg sent one of his wish maidens to place an to accept the form of a crow and place a magical apple on Rerir'south lap. Rerir shared information technology with the queen. The Queen becomes pregnant and the pregnancy goes on for a very long time. So, Rerir went on a journey to pacify the country. On this Journey, Rerir becomes sick and dies. Since the Queen knows that she has non long left before the pregnancy kills her, then she orders for her babe to be cut from her. This is done, and the male child is named Volsung.

The life of king Volsung [edit]

Volsung marries Hljod, the daughter of a behemothic and the person who gave the queen the apple tree. Volsung and Hljod had 10 sons and one daughter, the 2 eldest and strongest being the boy and girl twins Sigmund and Signy. Rex Volsung had an exilent palace built for him, and in this palace was a massive tree that would be in the great hall. The tree was known every bit Barnstokkr (Former Norse for 'Child trunk') and would stand proudly over Volsung's peers and guests. One day, the rex of Gautland (His name was Siggir) came to visit Volsung and asked for Signy's paw in marriage. Volsung, forth with anybody else, was pleased at the idea of Signy marrying Seiggir. Signy hated Seiggir and wanted to not ally him. However, king Volsung arranged the marriage anyway and a hymeneals was bundled. Seiggir came on that wedding day. every bit everyone was celebrating, a hooded man with one middle came into the all. Everyone watched as he drew a sword and thrust it into Barnstokkr. He and so said that whoever pulls the sword from Barnstokkr will receive it from him every bit a gift, and walked off. Although it is not confirmed by the saga that this is Odin, he has one center, and afterwards in the saga it is made clear that this could exist no one but the alfather, when the verbal aforementioned person pulls more feats and the sword demonstrates it'south magical powers. Many people went to endeavour the sword from the tree, merely nobody could make it budge, until Sigmund Volsungson comes over and pulled the sword out with ease. King Seiggir offered to buy the sword, but Sigmund refused. That night, Seiggir and his new wife went to bed and slept. The side by side day, Signy went to Volsung to pressure level him to let divorce. Although his daughter was in distress, Volsung reluctantly refused, since if he didn't, they would not maintain an alliance with Gautland, and terrible events may occur.

When Signy came to Gautland with Seiggir, she found out that Seiggir was plotting to overthrow Volsung and add Hunland to his empire. Signy returns to Hunland to visit her begetter, then gathered Volsung, Sigmund and their almost powerful men. She told them that they must raise an army and invade Gautland if they do not desire Hunalnd to fall. Volsung then agreed with this and raised an army. Later, Volsung and his army came to the shore of Gautland and attempted to impale Seiggir. Later on a long, grim and intense battle, the Volsungs were forced to give in. One of Volsung's sons died, forth with the Volsung himself.

The war against Seiggir [edit]

Signy went to speak with king Seiggir as his married woman. She asked to put her brothers in stocks (Meaning tied up) instead of killed. Seiggir said yes, since he idea a slower expiry was more suitable. Therefore, the brothers where tired up by their feet and easily, then thrown into the woods to die. Signy did this considering she had a plan. Signy sent one of her most trusted men to find her brothers, then he plant them tied up in the forest. When he talked to them, one told them that 1 had been killed and eaten by a she-wolf. The she-wolf came every night until merely Sigmund was alive. On the day before he would dice, Signy'due south lookout man came back to the forest where Sigmund lay and gave him some honey. He instructed Sigmund to put some in his mouth and smear information technology on his face. Sigmund did so and the she wolf came, and began to lick Sigmund's confront. When the she-wolf put her tongue in his mouth to lick the honey out, Sigmund flake down hard on the tongue and as soon as the beast struggled, it was ripped out, killing the she-wolf. It is mentioned in the saga that this wolf may accept been Seiggir's mother who took the shape of a she-wolf through 'witchcraft and sorcery'. Sigmund stays where he is and then that Signy's scouts tin find him again. They practice, and informed Signy of what happened. Signy then visited him and helped him dig an underground base. Signy brought him all the supplies he needed to survive in secret, while they both plotted revenge against Seiggir, who believed that the Volsungs where expressionless. When Signy was sitting in her chamber, a sorceress came and Signy asked for them to exchange shapes. They did, and the sorceress slept with Seiggir that nighttime and the king did non notice. Meanwhile, Signy came to Sigmund'due south base of operations in the form of the sorceress and told him that he had been lost in the forest. Sigmund accepted and they had sexual intercourse. Signy was then institute pregnant after changing dorsum.

She gives birth to Sinfjötli. When Sinfjötli was ten, Signy put him and he various other sons through a painful test to encounter who is worthy of serving Sigurd. Although the others cried in pain, Sinfjötli did non flinch. So, he began to serve Sigurd. 1 tale of their friendship was of them discovering a mysterious cabin and putting on some wolf skins they institute there. They were under a twisted spell that made them howl, fight and eat like wolves until they were able to take them off with magic spells. Later, Sigmund and Sinfyotli decided to plot revenge against male monarch Seiggir for what he had done to the Volsung family. They snuck into Seiggir's dwelling and tried to assassinate him, but one of Seiggir's children found them and got his father to seize them. They were thrown in a mound, merely they got out because Signy had given them Sigmund'due south sword. They killed Seiggir by making him walk into a bonfire. Signy walked in besides, since she wanted to die with her married man. Sigmund then took the throne and he became a great and powerful ruler. Sigmund then marries Borghild and by her has a son Helgi.

As an adult, Helgi meets Sigrun daughter of Rex Hogni and wishes to marry her. She tells him that her father has promised her to Male monarch Hodbrod, and then Helgi and Sinfjötli raise an army and invade Hodbrod's realm. In the ensuing battle Helgi kills Hodbrod and subsequently marries Sigrun and usurps Hodbrod'south kingship. Sinfjötli then also meets a woman he wishes to ally, and to win her he fights and kills another man, who happens to be Borghild's brother. In revenge Borghild kills Sinfjötli past poisonous substance. A grieving Sigmund rejects Borghild and drives her out of his kingdom.

As an old man, Sigmund marries Hjordis, the daughter of Male monarch Eylimi. The suitor she rejected in Sigmund'south favor brings an army against him, and Sigmund is mortally wounded in the boxing. In the aftermath, Hjordis finds her husband and he entrusts to her the shards of his sword, prophesying that they will be reforged someday for their notwithstanding unborn son. He dies, and Hjordis is taken in by Alf, son of Hjalprek, rex of Denmark. Shortly thereafter she gives nascency to Sigurd, her son past Sigmund. Sigurd is fostered in Hjalprek's court by Regin, his tutor, and grows to manhood there.^[1]

Sigurd and his foster family [edit]

Hjordis gives nascency to Sigurd, who is strong, brave, and very popular. She and so marries the Male monarch'south son Alf, and Regin, the son of King Hreidmar, educates Sigurd. Sigurd enters the forest looking for a horse and meets Odin, who gives him Grani, who is descended from Sleipnir, and better than any other horse. Regin entices Sigurd to go after the dragon Fafnir so he can get rich.

Then Regin tells Sigurd a story: His father Hreidmar had three sons: himself, Otr, and Fafnir. Otr was an otter-like fisherman, Fafnir big and fierce, and Regin himself was skilled with ironwork. One day Odin, Loki and Hœnir were angling and killed Otr in his otter shape, skinned and ate him. King Hreidmar found out and demanded that they fill up and cover the skin with gold. Loki went out and took the dwarf Andvari'due south gold and the ransom was paid. The dwarf cursed the ring Andvaranaut ("Andvari'southward gift"), maxim it volition bring death to anyone who owns information technology. Fafnir later killed his male parent, hid the body, and took all the treasure (and ring) to his hoard. He turned into an evil dragon, and Regin became a smith for the king.

Regin makes two swords one after another for Sigurd, merely they break when he tests them. Sigurd's mother gives him the pieces of his father's cleaved sword and Regin reforges Gram. Sigurd tests it and splits the iron anvil downward to its base, and promises to kill Fafnir after he avenges his father. First he goes to the soothsayer Gripir and asks about his fate. Gripir tells him subsequently some hesitation, and Sigurd returns to Regin, saying he must avenge his father and other kinsmen before he kills Fafnir. Sigurd sails to Hunding'due south kingdom and kills many and burns settlements. A savage battle ensues between him and King Lyngvi and Hunding's sons, and Sigurd kills them all with Gram. He returns to Regin to set to see Fafnir.

Sigurd goes to Fafnir'southward territory and digs a ditch to hide in and stab Fafnir from. Odin comes and advises him to dig several ditches for the blood to menstruation into. He does so, and stabs Fafnir through the heart as he crawls over the ditch. As Fafnir is dying, he asks Sigurd well-nigh his lineage and says that his gold and Regin will be Sigurd's death. Sigurd returns to Regin, who was hiding in the heather during Fafnir's slaying. Regin drinks Fafnir's claret and asks Sigurd to roast Fafnir's heart and allow him swallow information technology. Sigurd tests whether the heart is fully cooked and licks his finger, and all of a sudden understands the oral communication of birds. He overhears the nuthatches talking to each other about Regin's plan to kill him, and that he should rather eat the center himself, kill Regin, take the aureate, and go to Brynhild. Sigurd kills Regin, eats some of the heart, takes as much treasure as he can behave, including the Helm of Terror, and Andvaranaut, and rides off on Grani.

Sigurd rides to the land of the Franks and finds a sleeping warrior. He removes the helmet, discovers it is a woman, and cuts her chainmail open. She wakes and tells him Odin stabbed her with a sleeping thorn and mandated that she must marry, simply she refuses to marry whatsoever homo who knows fear. Brynhild gives him beer and recites a verse form nearly how to use different magical runes. Post-obit this, Brynhild gives Sigurd several pieces of sound advice on how to navigate society and survive, and they agree to ally each other.

Sigurd and the Gjukingar [edit]

Sigurd rides to the estate of Heimr. Heimr is married to Bekkhild, Brynhild's sister. Sigurd catches sight of Brynhild weaving a golden tapestry in the castle. Alsvid tells him to not recall about women, but after Brynhild maxim they are not blighted to be together, they renew their vows.

King Gjuki is married to Grimhild, who is skilled in magic, and their sons are Gunnar, Hogni, and Guttorm. Their sis Gudrun has a dream about a golden hawk, which Brynhild interprets as her futurity married man. They and so talk of Sigurd'due south excellence and the prophecies near him before his birth. And so Gudrun has a dream about a handsome stag, which Brynhild interprets as Sigurd, and prophesies she volition ally, but soon lose Sigurd, marry Atli (Attila the Hun), lose her brothers, and then kill Atli.

Sigurd comes to Gjuki with Grani and all his treasure. Grimhild gives him a potable and he forgets almost Brynhild. Gunnar and the others swear brotherhood with Sigurd, and he marries Gudrun. Gudrun eats some of the dragon'southward heart, and bears Sigurd a son, Sigmund. Meanwhile, Grimhild encourages Gunnar to ally Brynhild. Sigurd and the 3 brothers ride to King Budli for Gunnar to enquire for Brynhild'south paw. She is inside a hall surrounded by fire. Sigurd and Gunnar exchange shapes, and Sigurd goes and asks Brynhild to marry him as Gunnar. Brynhild reluctantly agrees because of her adjuration, and leaves her daughter Aslaug past Sigurd to exist raised with Heimr.

Brynhild and Gudrun are arguing about whose husband is better, and Gudrun shows her the ring which Brynhild had given Sigurd. Brynhild recognizes the ring and realizes she has been tricked. She tells Gunnar she knows he deceived her and that she volition kill him and seek revenge on Grimhild. Brynhild takes to her room and Sigurd comes to try to make amends by asking her to marry him, but she doesn't accept his offer, and instead wants to dice and bring doom upon everyone involved.

Gunnar consults with his brothers whether they should kill Sigurd to keep Brynhild or non. They decide to give serpent and wolf's meat to Guttorm to turn him vehement and kill Sigurd. He goes into Sigurd's bed bedchamber and stabs him while asleep. Sigurd wakes up and before dying, throws Gram after him equally he leaves, cutting him in ii. Brynhild laughs when she hears Gudrun sobbing, and Gudrun tells Gunnar he made a big mistake by killing Sigurd. Brynhild also tells Gunnar he has made a mistake and stabs herself and before she dies, foretells the rest of Gunnar's and Gudrun's time to come. Gunnar fulfills Brynhild's last asking, that he put her on a bonfire with Sigurd, Guttorm, and Sigurd'south 3-yr-old son.

Gudrun and the Budlingar [edit]

Anybody mourns Sigurd'south decease and Gudrun runs away, catastrophe upwards with King Half in Denmark. Grimhild finds Gudrun and orders her to ally Male monarch Atli against her will, which she does, unhappily. Atli has a dream that he is fed his children, and Gudrun interprets it that his sons will die and many other bad things. Gudrun sends her brothers a runic bulletin alert them about Atli, simply the messenger Vingi alters it, inviting her brothers to come. Hogni'south wife Kostbera sees the message is false and tells him. Kostbera tells her dream to Hogni, in which she predicts the treachery of Atli, and Hogni's death, only he doesn't believe her. Gunnar's married woman Glaumvor also has symbolic dreams predicting Gunnar's betrayal by Atli and his death, and he eventually gives upwardly trying to interpret them differently, and says he will probably take a brusk life. Gunnar and Hogni go with Vingi to Atli. Vingi reveals he betrayed them, and Gunnar and Hogni kill him with their axe handles.

Atli says he wants Sigurd's gold and will avenge Sigurd by killing his brothers-in-law. Gudrun tries to end the fighting, merely then puts on armor, picks up a sword and fights with her brothers. Many of Atli'southward champions are killed. Of their ground forces, only Gunnar and Hogni survive and are captured. Hogni's eye is cutting out and shown to Gunnar. Gunnar is placed in a snake pit and Gudrun brings him a harp which he plays with his toes. All the snakes fall asleep except one, which bites his heart and kills him.

Gudrun and Atli hold a funeral feast. Gudrun kills Atli'due south 2 sons, and gives their blood and hearts to Atli to eat and drink. Atli says she deserves to be killed. Hogni's son Niflung wants to avenge his father, so he and Gudrun stab Atli while he is asleep. Afterwards he dies, Gudrun sets the hall on burn and all Atli'due south retainers die while fighting each other in panic.

Gudrun's last wedlock [edit]

Gudrun and Sigurd'south daughter is Svanhild, radiantly beautiful. Gudrun goes to the ocean to drown herself, simply gets swept away and to the court of King Jonakr, who marries her. They accept 3 sons: Hamdir, Sorli, and Erp, and Svanhild is raised with them.

King Jormunrek wants to marry Svanhild, but Bikki convinces Jormunrek'southward son Randver that he would be a ameliorate match for her than his begetter, so he and Svanhild gather. Upon Bikki's advice, Jormunrek hangs Randver and has horses bruise Svanhild to death.

Gudrun encourages her sons to impale Jormunrek and avenge Svanhild. Gudrun'south sons inquire Erp if he will aid them kill Jormunrek, but he gives an ambivalent answer they misunderstand as airs, so they kill him, coming to regret it later on. They see Jormunrek and cut off his hands and feet, but Erp would have cut off Jormunrek'southward head, which would have kept Jormunrek from calling for his housecarls. The housecarls are unable to kill Gudrun's sons with sharp weapons. Odin then appears as an onetime one-eyed man and advises Jormunrek's housecarls to have the avengers killed with stones, which they do.

Themes [edit]

Odin and the supernatural [edit]

Throughout the saga, elements of the supernatural are interwoven into the narrative. One recurring theme is the periodic appearance of Odin, the foremost among Norse deities, associated with "war, wisdom, ecstasy, and verse."^[two] He is typically depicted as a mysterious, hooded old man with one centre.^{[iii] [ page needed ]}

Odin appears a number of times to assist characters with his magic and powers. At the start of the saga, he guides his son Sigi out of the underworld.^[4] He too sends a wish maiden to Sigi's son Rerir with an enchanted apple tree that finally allowed Rerir and his wife to have a child.^[5] Subsequently, he appears as an old, one-eyed stranger and sticks his sword into the tree Barnstokkr during a banquet at the palace of Rex Völsung, declaring that "he who draws this sword out of the trunk shall receive it from me as a souvenir, and he himself shall evidence that he has never carried a better sword than this one," which Rex Volsung's son Sigmund does.^[6]

Odin likewise directly intervenes during key points in the narrative. During a boxing, Odin, once again in the guise of an erstwhile, 1-eyed man, breaks Sigmund's sword, turning the tide of the battle and ultimately leading to his death.^[7] He also stabs Brynhild with a sleeping thorn and curses her never to win another boxing as an act of revenge for killing Hjalmgunnar, a rival king to whom Odin had promised victory.^[8]

The ring Andvaranaut [edit]

In the latter one-half of the saga the ring Andvaranaut serves as a connection and explanation for the characters' troubles. Loki killed Otr, the son of Hreidmar. Every bit compensation for Otr's death, Loki coerced a dwarf named Andvari into repaying the debt with gilt. Andvari tried to hold onto i gold ring and when Loki forced him to give it up Andvari cursed the band maxim, "This band...and indeed the unabridged treasure, volition exist the decease of whoever owns it." This plays out as one character after another is killed before long after they receive the ring. Otr's brother Fafnir killed his father in gild to go the band and so turned into a dragon to protect it. Sigurd then kills Fafnir taking the ring and giving information technology to Brynhildr. The ring is so brought into Queen Grimhild'south family after her children marry Sigurd and Brynhildr. The story of Andvaranaut is idea to have been 1 of the texts that inspired J.R.R Tolkien'southward The Lord of the Rings.^[9]

Adaptations and related works [edit]

The Middle Loftier German epic poem Nibelungenlied is related in content. The relative historical accurateness and origin of both works are a subject of academic research—however, whilst traditionally the stories from the Poetic Edda and Völsunga saga were assumed to comprise an earlier or "more original" version, the actual development of the different texts is more complex—for more than details see Nibelungenlied § Origins.

Among the more notable adaptations of this text are Richard Wagner'south tetralogy of music dramas Der Ring des Nibelungen, Ernest Reyer's opera Sigurd, Henrik Ibsen'southward The Vikings at Helgeland, and William Morris's epic poem The Story of Sigurd the Volsung and the Autumn of the Niblungs. J. R. R. Tolkien'due south The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún is derived instead from the Volsung poems in the Elder Edda; Tolkien himself thought the author of the Saga had made a jumble of things.

The saga is likewise one inspiration for Þráinn Bertelsson's satirical crime novel Valkyrjur (Reykjavík: JPV, 2005).

Editions and translations [edit]

English translations [edit]

• Morris, William; Magnússon, Eirikr, eds. (1870), Völsunga Saga : The Story of the Volsungs & Niblings with certain songs from the Elder Edda , literal translation, eastward-text
• Schlauch, Margaret, ed. (1930), The Saga of the Volsungs: The Saga of Ragnar Lodbrok, Together with The Lay of Kraka
• Finch, R. G., ed. (1965), The Saga of the Volsungs (PDF), London: Nelson , with Icelandic text
• Anderson, George Thousand., ed. (1982), The Saga of the Volsungs - together with Excerpts from the Nornageststháttr and Three Chapters from the Prose Edda
• Byock, Jesse L., ed. (1990), Saga of the Volsungs, University of California Press
• Grimstad, Kaaren, ed. (2005) [2000], Vǫlsunga saga. The saga of the Volsungs. The Icelandic Text According to MS Nks 1824 b, 4 (2nd ed.), AQ-Verlag, Saarbrücken , English translation with Norse transcription from manuscript Nks 1824 b, 4°
• Crawford, Jackson, ed. (2017), The Saga of the Volsungs with The Saga of Ragnar Lothbrok

Other translations [edit]

• Jonsson, Gudni; Vilhjalmsson, Bjarni (eds.), "Völsunga saga", Kulturformidlingen norrøne tekster og kvad (e-text) (in Former Norse, Norwegian, Danish, and Swedish) , Norse text with translations past: A. Bugge (Norwegian, 1910); Winkel Horn (Danish, 1876), Nils Fredrik Sander (Swedish, 1893)

Literary retellings [edit]

• Morris, William, ed. (1877), The story of Sigurd the Volsung and the fall of the Niblungs, Boston, Roberts brothers , literary adaption
  • Some sections edited into prose in: Morris, William; Turner, Winifred; Scott, Helen, eds. (1922), The story of Sigurd the Volsung and the fall of the Niblungs
• Numerous retellings of aspects of the tales can exist constitute, from this and other sources on the Volsungs—some have been adjusted for children, such every bit the "Story of Sigurd" in Andrew Lang's "The Red Fairy Volume"

References [edit]

1. ^ Byock 1990, ch. 1–13.
2. ^ Byock 1990, p. 111.
3. ^ Byock 1990.
4. ^ Morris & Magnússon, Ch.1. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMorrisMagnússon (help)
5. ^ Byock 1990, pp. 35–36.
6. ^ Byock 1990, p. 38.
7. ^ Byock 1990, p. 53.
8. ^ Byock 1990, p. 67.
9. ^ "Clash Of The Gods-Tolkien's Monsters - video dailymotion". Dailymotion. 26 October 2016. Retrieved two Dec 2019.

Additional literature [edit]

• Kennedy, John (1994), Wawn, Andrew (ed.), "The English Translations of the Volsunga Saga" (PDF), Northern Artifact: The Mail-Medieval Reception of Edda and Saga, pp. 285–303

External links [edit]

• Völsungasaga public domain audiobook at LibriVox
• Proverbs and proverbial materials in 'Völsunga saga'
• Völsunga Saga (Old Norse and Modern English Translation)

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lsunga_saga

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